Passato Prossimo of Volere, Potere, Dovere, Sapere: Italian Grammar Lesson

An interactive lesson guiding you from key takeaways to expert insights. Comes with Q&A, useful vocabulary, interactive audio, quizzes and games.

Lui ha dovuto studiare per l'esame.
Lui ha dovuto studiare per l'esame.
Lui ha dovuto studiare per l'esame.
Published Feb 19, 2021
Updated May 29, 2025
Written by
Italian language tutor, course author. MEng, MBA. Member of the International Association of Hyperpolyglots (HYPIA). After learning 12 languages, I can tell you that we all master languages by listening and mimicking. I couldn’t find an app to recommend to my students, so I made my own one. With my method, you’ll be speaking Italian from Lesson 1.
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Key Takeaways

  • The passato prossimo is formed using the auxiliary verbs essere or avere plus the past participle of the main verb.
  • Modal verbs like potere, volere, dovere, and sapere have specific past participles that must be used correctly.
  • Choose essere with intransitive verbs and avere with transitive verbs when conjugating modal verbs in the passato prossimo.
  • When using essere, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence.
  • Examples of modal verbs in the passato prossimo illustrate their usage, such as ho potuto (I could) and sono voluta (I wanted).

Audio images

🔊
Lui ha dovuto studiare per l'esame.
🔊
Non ho potuto fare la spesa.
🔊
Mia sorella è dovuta andare al lavoro presto.

Audio lesson with 30 sentences to listen and repeat

Italian grammar video lesson

Main Article

What are Modal Verbs?

The Italian verbs potere (can, be able to), dovere (must, have to), sapere (know, be able to), and volere (to want) are modal verbs. They are considered helping verbs just like auxiliary verbs and usually require other verbs to make sense.

Modal verbs convey grammatical information about modality and are followed by the main verb that is conjugated in the infinitive tense. It is the main verb that conveys semantic information, that is, the meaning itself.

In this lesson, we will look at how to use these verbs in the past, specifically in the passato prossimo.

Passato Prossimo of Modal Verbs

The Structure

The structure of the Italian passato prossimo is the following:

essere (to be) or avere (to have) in the present tense + past participle of the verb.

Here are the past participles of the Italian modal verbs:

  • Poterepotuto
  • Volere – voluto
  • Doveredovuto
  • Saperesaputo

However, you might think: modal verbs are followed by the main verb in the infinitive tense, then how do I combine them all together?

Great question. It is easier than you think! You just add the infinitive right after, as in the following sentences:

Gli ho voluto parlare per non avere problemi.

I wanted to talk to him so as not to have any problems.

Non sono potuta andare in palestra oggi.

I couldn’t go to the gym today.

Abbiamo dovuto lavorare tutto il giorno.

We had to work for the whole day.

Non mi ha saputo rispondere.

He hasn’t been able to answer me.

Essere or Avere?

One of the hardest parts of the Italian passato prossimo regards the choice of the auxiliary verbs essere andavere. We use one or the other depending on whether the main verb is transitive or intransitive:

  • Avere is used with transitive verbs, that is, verbs that are linked to the direct object without the use of any preposition
  • Essere is used with intransitive verbs, that is, verbs that need a preposition to be linked to the indirect object

When it comes to conjugating Italian modal verbs, we have to focus on the main verb of the sentence. In fact, modal verbs are only helping verbs, while the main verb is the one that carries information about the meaning.

If the main verb selects the auxiliary avere , then so does the modal verb. In the same way, if the main verb selects the auxiliary essere , so does the modal verb.

Let me show you some examples:

Non abbiamo potuto decidere cosa ordinare al ristorante.

We could not decide what to order at the restaurant.

Siamo potute andare al mare con la macchina.

We have been able to go to the beach by car.

In the first sentence we used the auxiliary verb avere because it is required by the verb decidere (to be able to). In the second sentence we use the verb essere because it is required by the verb andare (to go).

Remember, when we use the verb essere to form the passato prossimo the past participle of potere, volere, and dovere must agree in gender and number to the subject.

How do I Conjugate Modal Verbs in the Passato Prossimo?

Here are the conjugations of the verbs potere, volere , sapere, and dovere in the passato prossimo.

Potere

Subject Essere Avere
io sono potuto/potuta ho potuto
tu sei potuto/potuta hai potuto
lui / lei è potuto/potuta ha potuto
noi siamo potuti/potute abbiamo potuto
voi siete potuti/potute avete potuto
loro sono potuti/potute hanno potuto

Volere

Subject Essere Avere
io sono voluto/voluta ho voluto
tu sei voluto/voluta hai voluto
lui / lei è voluto/voluta ha voluto
noi siamo voluti/volute abbiamo voluto
voi siete voluti/volute avete voluto
loro sono voluti/volute hanno voluto

Sapere

Subject Essere Avere
io sono saputo/saputa ho saputo
tu sei saputo/saputa hai saputo
lui / lei è saputo/saputa ha saputo
noi siamo saputi/sapute abbiamo saputo
voi siete saputi/sapute avete saputo
loro sono saputi/sapute hanno saputo

Dovere

Subject Essere Avere
io sono dovuto/dovuta ho dovuto
tu sei dovuto/dovuta hai dovuto
lui / lei è dovuto/dovuta ha dovuto
noi siamo dovuti/dovute abbiamo dovuto
voi siete dovuti/dovute avete dovuto
loro sono dovuti/dovute hanno dovuto

Of course, the use of some modal verbs with one or the other auxiliary verb might be circumscribed in some cases, depending on the frequency with which the modal verbs are used.

For instance, the modal verb sapere is rarely used with the auxiliary verb essere because its connection with intransitive verbs is not that common.

In the following section I will show you some example of each modal verb in combination with both auxiliary verbs.

Modal Verbs in the Passato Prossimo: Examples

  • Potere

Sei potuto andare in banca?

Have you been able to go to the bank?

Non ho potuto fare la cena

I haven’t been able to make dinner

  • Volere

Siamo volute arrivare in anticipo per salutare.

We wanted to arrive early to say hi.

Non hanno voluto parlare.

They did not want to talk.

  • Sapere

Non ho saputo resistere alla tentazione.

could not resist the temptation.

  • Dovere

Chiara è dovuta uscire.

Chiara had to go out.

Ho dovuto programmare tutta la giornata per i bambini.

I had to plan the whole day for the kids.

Key Terms and Concepts

Words

volereto want
potereto be able to/can
dovereto have to/must
sapereto know
passato prossimopresent perfect
essereto be
avereto have
transitivotransitive
intransitivointransitive
participio passatopast participle

Phrases

volereto want
potereto be able to/can
dovereto have to/must
sapereto know
passato prossimopresent perfect
essereto be
avereto have
participio passatopast participle
transitivotransitive
intransitivointransitive

Sentences

Ho voluto imparare l'italiano.

I wanted to learn Italian.

Abbiamo potuto visitare il museo.

We were able to visit the museum.

Lui ha dovuto lavorare fino a tardi.

He had to work late.

Lei è potuta andare a casa prima.

She was able to go home early.

Non hanno saputo risolvere il problema.

They didn't know how to solve the problem.

FAQs

What do "potere", "volere", and "dovere", "sapere", mean in Italian?

They are modal verbs that express ability, desire, and obligation, respectively. "Potere" means can or to be able to, "volere" means want or to want to, and "dovere" means must or to have to.

How do I use "potere", "volere", "sapere", and "dovere" in Italian sentences?

To use them in Italian sentences, conjugate the modal verb according to the subject, followed by the infinitive form of the main verb. For example: Posso parlare italiano (I can speak Italian), Vuole mangiare la pizza (He/She wants to eat pizza), and Devi studiare per l'esame (You must study for the exam).

Are there any irregularities when conjugating "potere", "volere", "sapere", and "dovere"?

They are irregular verbs, meaning their conjugations do not follow the standard patterns for -ere verbs. It is essential to memorize their conjugations to use them correctly in sentences. For example, the first person singular conjugations in the present tense are posso (I can), voglio (I want), and devo (I must).

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